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Access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia is amongst the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa and the entire world. While access has increased substantially with funding from foreign aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the share of people without access to water and sanitation by 2015, to improve sustainability and to improve service quality. Some factors inhibiting the achievement of these goals are the limited capacity of water bureaus in the country's nine regions and water desks in the 550 woredas; insufficient cost recovery for proper operation and maintenance; and different policies and procedures used by various donors, notwithstanding the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. In 2001 the government adopted a water and sanitation strategy that called for more decentralized decision-making; promoting the involvement of all stakeholders, including the private sector; increasing levels of cost recovery; as well as integrating water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. Implementation of the policy apparently is uneven. In 2005 the government announced highly ambitious targets to increase coverage in its Plan for Accelerated Sustained Development and to End Poverty (PASDEP) for 2010. The investment needed to achieve the goal is about US$300 million per year, compared to actual investments of US$39 million in 2001-2002. In 2010 the government presented the equally ambitious Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2011-2015, which aims at increasing drinking water coverage, based on the government's definition, from 68.5% to 98.5%.〔Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:(Growth and Transformation Plan ), Draft, September 2010, p. 18〕 While donors have committed substantial funds to the sector, effectively spending the money and to ensure the proper operation and maintenance of infrastructure built with these funds remain a challenge. ==Water resources and use== Ethiopia has 12 river basins with an annual runoff volume of 122 billion m3 of water and an estimated 2.6 - 6.5 billion m3 of ground water potential. This corresponds to an average of 1,575 m3 of physically available water per person per year, a relatively large volume. However, due to large spatial and temporal variations in rainfall and lack of storage, water is often not available where and when needed.〔International Water Management Institute:(Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia ), Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007〕 Only about 3% of water resources are used, of which only about 11% (0.3% of the total) is used for domestic water supply.〔World Resources Institute:(Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia ), accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987〕 The capital Addis Ababa's main source of drinking water is the Gafsara dam built during the Italian occupation and rehabilitated in 2009. Wells and another dam complement the supply.〔Jigjiga TV News. (Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed ), 16 August 2009〕〔UN Habitat. Water for African Cities. (Addis Ababa City Programme ), retrieved on 25 September 2010〕 The city of Dire Dawa is supplied exclusively from groundwater that is highly polluted.〔UN Habitat. Water for African Cities. (Dire Dawa City Programme ), retrieved on 25 September 2010〕 The situation is most dramatic in Harar where "a steady decrease of the level of Lake Alemaya has resulted in the complete closure of the treatment plant". Due to supply shortfall, water vendors sell untreated water at extremely high prices.〔UN Habitat. Water for African Cities.(Harar City Programme ), retrieved on 25 September 2010〕 The lake dries up because of local climate change, changes in land use in its basin and increased irrigation of khat, a mild drug that is being grown for local consumption and export.〔UNEP Atlas of our changing environment. (Lake Alemaya ), Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010〕 A pipeline is expected to bring water over a distance of 75 km from a well field near Dire Dawa to Harar.〔African Development Bank. (Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project ), approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010〕 The great majority of the rural community water supply relies on groundwater through shallow wells, deep wells and springs. People who have no access to improved supply usually obtain water from rivers, unprotected springs and hand-dug wells.〔 Rainwater harvesting is also common. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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